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To this end, we followed henipavirus antibody levels of >100 individual E. helvum in a closed, captive, breeding population over a 30-month period, using a powerful novel antibody quantitation method. Understanding these dynamics improves our ability to predict zoonotic spillover from the reservoir hosts. In these, and other, systems, there is evidence that seasonal life-cycle events drive infection dynamics, directly impacting the risk of exposure to spillover hosts. Viral antibody dynamics in a chiropteran hostīaker, Kate S Suu-Ire, Richard Barr, Jennifer Hayman, David T S Broder, Christopher C Horton, Daniel L Durrant, Christopher Murcia, Pablo R Cunningham, Andrew A Wood, James L Nīats host many viruses that are significant for human and domestic animal health, but the dynamics of these infections in their natural reservoir hosts remain poorly elucidated. These concepts and methods are applicable to a wide range of pathogens that affect humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. We outline an agenda for research on viruses emerging from bats that would allow for differentiation among the scenarios and inform development of evidence-based interventions to limit threats to human and animal health. The three scenarios can yield similar patterns in epidemiological surveys, but strategies to predict or manage spillover risk resulting from each scenario will be different.
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Third, pulses could be generated by episodic shedding from persistently infected bats through a combination of physiological and ecological factors. Second, epidemic cycles could be the result of waning immunity within bats, allowing local circulation of viruses through oscillating herd immunity. If lifelong immunity follows recovery, viruses may disappear locally but persist globally through migration in either case, new outbreaks occur once births replenish the susceptible pool. First, pulses of viral excretion could reflect seasonal epidemic cycles driven by natural variations in population densities and contact rates among hosts. Three hypotheses dominate current research on these emerging bat infections. Spillover of bat infections to humans and domestic animals often coincides with pulses of viral excretion within bat populations, but the mechanisms driving such pulses are unclear. We focus on the host–pathogen dynamics of four emerging viruses associated with bats: Hendra, Nipah, Ebola, and Marburg viruses. Progress in combatting zoonoses that emerge from wildlife is often constrained by limited knowledge of the biology of pathogens within reservoir hosts. McCallum, Hamish Wood, James Baker, Michelle L. Transmission or Within- Host Dynamics Driving Pulses of Zoonotic Viruses in Reservoir– Host Populations